The difference between TOPCon, HJT, and perovskite

　　In the technological iteration of photovoltaic modules from P-type to N-type, the market share of N-type modules has increased, and the technology iteration in the photovoltaic industry has accelerated. So, what are the advantages of TOPCon, HJT, and perovskite

　　1. TOPCon: High device compatibility, fastest landing

　　TOPCon battery technology has two major advantages.

　　(1) Compared to P-type battery technology, it has high conversion efficiency, low attenuation rate, low temperature coefficient, high double-sided rate, and is more conducive to the development of thinness. The theoretical efficiency of N-type single-sided TOPCon battery is 27.1%, and the theoretical efficiency of N-type double-sided TOPCon battery is 28.7%.

　　(2) The investment in the production line is relatively low, and TOPCon's process equipment production line can be upgraded and renovated based on the existing PERC production line, with a cost of only about 50-70 million yuan/GW.

　　In the second half of 2022, the production capacity of N-type battery cells will be gradually released. According to statistics, as of the end of 2022, TOPCon's production capacity reached 81GW, and component shipments reached approximately 16GW; By the end of 2023, the nominal production capacity of TOPCon batteries is expected to reach 477GW, equaling the capacity scale of existing PERC batteries.

　　2. HJT: More compatible with layering technology, ultimately or as a replacement for TOPCon

　　The technical route of HJT is independent of PERC and TOPCon, with a simple process flow and only 4 main steps. It has the advantages of high product conversion efficiency, high double-sided rate, low light attenuation, and weak light response. Moreover, due to the double-sided symmetrical low-temperature process, it is easy to further improve the conversion efficiency by thinning.

　　HJT batteries have a wider space for efficiency improvement and will become the terminator of single cell technology and the pioneer of stacked technology. HJT has better compatibility with perovskite and electroplated copper, forming a stacked battery. Perovskite absorbs short wavelength light, while the crystalline silicon layer absorbs long wavelength light, and the maximum conversion efficiency can exceed 30%.

　　Due to incompatibility with existing equipment, HJT faces challenges such as high equipment investment and high material costs. However, the performance advantages of HJT have been verified by the market, and the expansion speed is gradually accelerating. There is great potential for medium and long-term cost optimization. It is expected that by the end of 2024, the costs of HJT and Topcon are expected to be balanced, and the production capacity of HJT is expected to reach 40-60GW by 2024.

　　3. Perovskite: a revolutionary new material with high efficiency

　　Photovoltaic perovskite is widely regarded as the third-generation photovoltaic cell technology route, with higher theoretical efficiency and lower manufacturing costs.

　　(1) High efficiency: The theoretical photoelectric conversion efficiency of perovskite batteries is high, and in the short term, it matches well with HJT iterative technology, further forming a stacked battery with a maximum conversion efficiency of 29%; In the long run, the efficiency of single layered perovskite batteries can reach 33%, the conversion efficiency of full perovskite double layered batteries can reach 45%, and the conversion efficiency of triple layered batteries can reach 50%.

　　(2) Low cost: The preparation process of perovskite batteries is simple, the raw materials are cheap and easy to obtain, and they do not rely on rare elements.

　　(3) Rapid preparation: The preparation process is short, and the entire industry chain can be highly integrated in one factory, with a time control of less than 45 minutes.

　　(4) Wide application prospects: Perovskite batteries have broad market space in fields such as power stations, BIPVs, curtain walls, and sunrooms, meeting various needs such as long-term power generation, transparency, and aesthetics.